For instance, they have been used to support diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD Andreou and Trott, 2013) and cognitive impairment in persons with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease ( Zhao et al., 2013) or Parkinson's disease ( Pettit et al., 2013). ![]() Verbal fluency tasks are often included in neuropsychological assessment, in clinical practice, and in research. The participant's score in each task is the number of unique correct words. In the standard versions of the tasks, participants are given 1 min to produce as many unique words as possible within a semantic category (category fluency) or starting with a given letter (letter fluency). ![]() It typically consists of two tasks: category fluency (sometimes called semantic fluency Benton, 1968) and letter fluency (sometimes called phonemic fluency Newcombe, 1969). The verbal fluency test is a short test of verbal functioning (e.g., Lezak et al., 2012). These results highlight the hybrid character of both fluency tasks, which may limit their usefulness for research and clinical purposes. In regression analyses the number of words produced in both fluency tasks was predicted by updating ability, and the speed of the first response was predicted by vocabulary size and, for category fluency only, lexical access speed. Verbal fluency was assessed in letter and category fluency tasks, and performance on these tasks was related to indicators of vocabulary size, lexical access speed, updating, and inhibition ability. This study examined the contributions of verbal ability and executive control to verbal fluency performance in older adults ( n = 82). 3Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.1The Psychology of Language Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands. ![]() Zeshu Shao 1 *, Esther Janse 1,2,3, Karina Visser 2 and Antje S.
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